File Operations
1. cp
Copies files or directories.
cp source.txt destination.txt2. mv
Moves or renames files.
mv old.txt new.txt3. rm
Deletes files.
rm file.txt4. rm -rf
Force deletes directories recursively.
rm -rf folder5. ln
Creates hard or symbolic links.
ln file link
ln -s target symlink6. stat
Displays detailed file metadata.
stat file.txt7. file
Identifies file type.
file binary8. touch
Creates empty files or updates timestamps.
touch newfile.txt▼ Advanced
9. shred
Overwrites files to prevent recovery.
shred file.txt10. sync
Flushes filesystem write buffers.
sync11. chattr
Changes file attributes.
chattr +i file.txtDirectory Operations
1. mkdir
Creates directories.
mkdir newdir2. rmdir
Removes empty directories.
rmdir emptydir3. pwd
Prints current working directory.
pwd4. ls
Lists directory contents.
ls -la▼ Advanced
5. du
Displays disk usage.
du -sh *6. readlink
Prints symbolic link target.
readlink symlinkViewing Files
1. cat
Prints file contents.
cat file.txt2. less
Scrollable viewer.
less file.txt3. nl
Displays line numbers.
nl file.txt▼ Advanced
4. od
Octal/character dump.
od -c file5. strings
Extracts printable strings.
strings binaryPermissions & Ownership
1. chmod
Changes permissions.
chmod 755 script.sh2. chown
Changes ownership.
chown user:group file3. chgrp
Changes group ownership.
chgrp staff file▼ Advanced
4. umask
Sets default permission mode.
umask 0225. lsattr
Lists extended file attributes.
lsattr file